Abstrak
Dominasi litigasi pidana dalam penyelesaian sengketa medis di Indonesia memicu kriminalisasi profesi, kedokteran defensif, dan kegagalan pemulihan hak pasien. Artikel ini menganalisis secara kritis ambiguitas penegakan hukum pasca-reformasi regulasi kesehatan dan pidana nasional. Menggunakan metode hukum normatif, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi adanya kegagalan sistemik aparat penegak hukum dalam membedakan risiko klinis, kelalaian profesional, dan pelanggaran disiplin berdasarkan Pasal 440 UU No. 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa tanpa adanya filter adjudikasi yang independen, pemidanaan malapraktik rentan bergeser menjadi rezim pertanggungjawaban mutlak (strict liability). Guna mengatasi kelemahan tersebut, artikel ini mengonseptualisasikan rekonstruksi model mediasi penal yang integratif melalui desain Medical Dispute Resolution Institute (MDRI). Lembaga independen ini dirancang sebagai penjaga pintu utama (central gatekeeper) yang mensinergikan kewenangan komite disiplin profesi di bawah Permenkes No. 3 Tahun 2025 dengan koridor keadilan restoratif PERMA No. 1 Tahun 2024. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa model penyelesaian berlapis melalui MDRI mampu mengoperasionalisasikan hukum pidana secara konsisten sebagai ultimum remedium (upaya terakhir). Model ini memberikan resolusi berbasis pemulihan substantif bagi pasien sekaligus menjamin kepastian hukum yang kokoh bagi tenaga medis dari ancaman penuntutan pidana yang prematur.
Referensi
Buku
Butt, Simon and Tim Lindsey. Indonesian Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Harahap, M. Yahya. Hukum Acara Perdata: tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian dan Putusan Pengadilan. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2017.
Jurnal
Annas, George J. “Criminalizing Medical Errors: Why Punitive Sanctions Undermine Patient Safety Culture.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 50, No. 2 (2025).
Bedner, Arief, and Joanne Vel. “Adat Law and the 2023 Penal Code: Assessing Substantive Justice in Indonesia’s Legal Pluralism.” Asian Journal of Law and Society 11, No. 2 (2024).
Bismark, Marie M. “The Role of Medical Regulators in Channelling Malpractice Claims Away from Criminal Adjudication.” Regulation & Governance 19, No. 2 (2025).
Braithwaite, John. “Restorative Justice in Corporate and Professional Malpractice: Moving Beyond Interpersonal Crimes.” Restorative Justice: An International Journal 12, No. 1 (2024).
Cahayamandalika Journal of Law. “Tanggungjawab Pidana Tenaga Medis atau Tenaga Kesehatan Menurut UU No. 17 Tahun 2023.” Jurnal Cahayamandalika 5, No. 2 (2024).
Cohen, I. Glenn. “Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and the Shift in Malpractice Liability Paradigms.” Harvard Law Review 139, No. 5 (2026).
Daly, Kathleen. “The Systemic Risks of Institutionalizing Restorative Justice within Civil Law Criminal Procedures.” Criminology & Criminal Justice 25, No. 3 (2025).
Fadli, Muhammad, and I. Utama. “The Shift from Retributive to Restorative Justice: Crucial Adjustments in the New Indonesian Criminal Framework.” Journal of Law and Society 53, No. 1 (2026).
Freckelton, Ian. “Defensive Medicine and the Criminalization of Medical Negligence: Global Trends and Impacts.” Journal of Law and Medicine 32, No. 1 (2025).
Gostin, Lawrence O. “Global Health Law Reforms: Balancing Patient Safety with Protective Frameworks for Medical Professionals.” The Lancet 403, No. 10425 (2024).
Hiariej, Edward O. S. “The Philosophical Foundation of Substantive Justice in the New Indonesian Penal Code.” Journal of East Asia and International Law 17, No. 2 (2024).
Johnstone, Gerry. “The Culture of Punishment vs. the Culture of Healing: Mediating Medical Conflicts.” Law and Contemporary Problems 87, No. 3 (2024).
Karjoko, L., et al. “Penal Mediation in Medical Malpractice Cases in Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum 18, No. 3 (2021).
Kesselheim, Aaron S. “Restorative Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) for Medical Injuries: Empirical Evidence on Patient Satisfaction.” JAMA Health Forum 5, No. 8 (2024).
Kusworo, Daffa Ladro, and Maghfira Nur Khaliza Fauzi. “The Implementation of Litigation Mediation in Resolving Medical Disputes Between Patients and Health Workers.” Administrative and Environmental Law Review 4, No. 1 (2023).
Lindsey, Tim. “The Evolution of Judicial Discretion under Law No. 1 of 2023: Restructuring Sentencing Guidelines.” Australian Journal of Asian Law 26, No. 1 (2025).
McHale, Jean V. “Medical Malpractice and Criminal Law: A Comparative European Perspective on Systemic Failures.” European Journal of Health Law 31, No. 4 (2024).
Mello, Michelle M. “Administrative and Restorative Alternatives to Criminal Malpractice Litigation: Lessons for Emerging Economies.” New England Journal of Medicine 390, No. 14 (2024).
Quick, Oliver. “Regulating Patient Safety: The Interplay Between Professional Disciplines and Criminal Courts.” Journal of Law and Society 52, No. 2 (2025).
Samanta, Ash, and J. Samanta. “Gross Negligence Manslaughter in Medical Practice: Defining the Threshold for Criminal Liability.” Medical Law Review 32, No. 3 (2024).
Sawin, Jill, et al. “Restorative Justice and Health Care: Mapping the Terrain.” Journal of Health Law & Policy 15, No. 2 (2023).
Sinergi Law Journal. “Legal Certainty in Resolving Medical Malpractice Issues in Indonesia.” Journal of Law and Policy 8, No. 1 (2026).
Sugiarto, Irwan. “The Significance of Good Corporate Governance Principles in the Company Law of 2007.” Mimbar: Sosial dan Pembangunan 33, No. 1 (2017).
Umbreit, Mark S. “Restorative Justice Through Victim–Offender Mediation: A Multi-Site Assessment.” Journal of Dispute Resolution 1998, No. 1 (1998).
Van Ness, Daniel W. “Restorative Justice and the Rule of Law: Navigating Due Process and Victims’ Rights.” Criminal Justice Ethics 44, No. 1 (2025).
Winata, Agung Sujati. “Perlindungan Investor Asing dalam Kegiatan Penanaman Modal Asing dan Implikasinya terhadap Negara.” Ajudikasi: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 2, No. 2 (2018).
Zehr, Howard. “Reimagining Criminal Procedure: Integrating Restorative Mechanisms into Formal Codes.” Contemporary Justice Review 27, No. 2 (2024).
Zhang, Li, et al. “Specialised Medical Dispute Tribunals in China: Balancing Expertise and Access to Justice.” Journal of Comparative Law 19, No. 2 (2024).
Peraturan Perundang-undangan dan Putusan
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara, 2023.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara, 2023.
Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2025 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara, 2025.
Pengadilan Negeri Pangkalpinang. Putusan Nomor 295/Pid.Sus/2025/PN Pgp atas Nama Terdakwa dr. Ratna Setia Asih. Pangkalpinang, July 20, 2026.
Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Pedoman Mengadili Perkara Pidana Berdasarkan Keadilan Restoratif. Jakarta, 2024.
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 3 Tahun 2025 tentang Disiplin Profesi Tenaga Medis dan Tenaga Kesehatan. Jakarta, 2025.
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 28 Tahun 2024 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan. Jakarta, 2024.
Situs
Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia. “KUHAP Baru Mengakomodir Restorative Justice”, Available online https://www.komisiyudisial.go.id/frontend/news_detail/16273/kuhap-baru-mengakomodir-restorative-justice
Media Indonesia. “Majelis Disiplin Profesi dan Kriminalisasi Dokter”, Media Indonesia, November 4, 2025.
Sagita K, Nafilah Sri. “IDI-IDAI Kecam Kriminalisasi dr Ratna yang Dituntut 4,5 Tahun Penjara, MDP Bilang Gini”, detikHealth, June 15, 2026, Available online https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-8532791/idi-idai-kecam-kriminalisasi-dr-ratna-yang-dituntut-4-5-tahun-penjara-mdp-bilang-gini
Tempo. “Dokter Ratna Divonis Bebas di Kasus Kematian Pasien”, Tempo.co, July 20, 2026, Available online https://www.tempo.co/hukum/dokter-ratna-divonis-bebas-di-kasus-kematian-pasien-2276987
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